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Wine fraud may come in several forms. In all cases the fraud relates to the commercial aspects of wine. The most prevalent type of fraud is one where wines are adulterated, usually with the addition of cheaper products (e.g. juices) and sometimes with harmful chemicals and sweeteners (compensating for colour or flavour).〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.itulip.com/forums/showthread.php/18007-China-cracks-down-on-fake-wine-industry-30-wineries-shut-down )〕 Counterfeiting and the relabelling of inferior and cheaper wines to more expensive brands is another common type of wine fraud.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2012-03-11/an-insiders-guide-to-counterfeiting-wine )〕 A third category of wine fraud relates to the wine investment industry. This often works by offering wines to investors at excessively high prices.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.jancisrobinson.com/articles/budd-and-the-dti-strike-the-dodgy-wine-investment-merchants )〕 In some cases the wine is never bought for the investor.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9061aee4-79c0-11df-85be-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3hfBDkNEp )〕 Losses in the UK have been high,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.decanter.com/wine-news/fine-wine-investment-firm-apw-asset-management-enters-liquidation-2317/ )〕 prompting the (DTI ) and Police to act.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://www.questia.com/newspaper/1G1-82754022/fine-wine-scam-which-has-cost-investors-pounds-sterling-110m )〕 In the US, investors have been duped by fraudulent wine investment firms too.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.winemag.com/Best-Of-Year-2008/Wine-Fraud/ )〕 Independent guidelines to potential wine investors are now available.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://content.met.police.uk/Article/Investing-in-fine-wine/1400013278591/1400013278591 )〕 In wine production, as wine is technically defined as fermented grape juice, the term "wine fraud" can be used to describe the adulteration of wine by substances that are not related to grapes.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://world-news-research.com/wine.html )〕 In the retailing of wine, as wine is comparable with any other commodity, the term "wine fraud” can be used to describe the mis-selling of wine〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.jancisrobinson.com/articles/budd-and-the-dti-strike-the-dodgy-wine-investment-merchants )〕 (either as an investment or in its deceitful misrepresentation) in general. Fraud in wine production refers to the use of additives in order to deceive. This may include colouring agents such as elderberry juice, and flavourings such as cinnamon at best, or less desirable additives at worst.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://winefolly.com/review/wine-additives/ )〕 Some varieties of wine have sought after characteristics. For example some wines have a deep, dark color and flavor notes of spices due to the presence of various phenolic compounds found in the skin of the grapes.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.taylorbrookewinery.com/wine_lingo.html )〕 Fraudsters will use additives to artificially create these characteristics when they are lacking. Fraud in the selling of wine, has seen much attention focused on label fraud and the investment wine market. Counterfeit labelling of rare, expensive and cult wines, and unregulated wine investment firms characterise this type of fraud. ''Wine Spectator'' noted as much as 5% of the wine sold in secondary markets could be counterfeit〔M. Frank, ''Wine Spectator'' ( January 31-February 28, 2007). "Counterfeit bottles multiply as global demand for collectible wine surges", p.14〕 and the DTI (UK) believes losses (by investors) to rogue wine investment firms amount to hundreds of millions of pounds.〔(【引用サイトリンク】Sterling )110m- "WINE investors are being duped out of millions of pounds by unscrupulous salesmen"">url=https://www.questia.com/newspaper/1G1-82754022/fine-wine-scam-which-has-cost-investors-pounds-sterling-110m )〕 ==History== For as long as wine has been made, wine has been manipulated, adulterated and counterfeited. In ancient Rome, Pliny the Elder complained about the abundance of fraudulent Roman wine which was so great that even the nobility could not be assured that the wine they were pouring on their table was genuine. For the poor and middle class of Rome, local bar establishments seemed to have an unlimited supply of the prestigious Falernian wine for unusually low prices.〔J. Robinson (ed) ''"The Oxford Companion to Wine"'' Third Edition pg 4 & 26-27 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0-19-860990-6〕 During the Middle Ages, wines from questionable origins were often passed off as wines from more prestigious regions. In London, local authorities established laws for tavern owners prohibiting French, Spanish and German wines from being cellared together so as to prevent the potential for mixing the wines or falsely representing them to the consumer. If a producer or merchant was found selling fraudulent or "corrupt wine", they were forced to drink all of it. In medieval Germany, the penalty for selling fraudulent wine ranged from branding to beating to death by hanging.〔 During the Age of Enlightenment, advancements in science ushered in a new occupation of "wine doctors" who could fashion examples of wines from obscure items and chemicals. Writers like Joseph Addison wrote of this "''fraternity of chymical operators (sic)"'' who would use apples to make Champagne and sloe to make Bordeaux and then sell these wines fraudulently on the market. Following the Phylloxera epidemic, when true wine was scarce, wine fraud rose. Some merchants would take dried raisins grown from other species of grapevines and make wine that they passed off as being from a more prestigious provenance such as the more well known wines from France or Italy.〔 In the early 19th century, several European writers wrote about the risk and prevalence of wine fraud. In 1820, German chemist Friedrich Accum noted that wine was one of the commodities most at risk for being fraudulently manipulated and misrepresented. In 1833, the British wine writer Cyrus Redding echoed the alarm over the unchecked operations of these "wine doctors". Eventually the concern over wine fraud grew enough that provisions against the adulteration and misrepresentation of wine was included in British Parliament's Adulteration of Food and Drink Act 1860. Several European governments also enacted legislation defining what exactly constitutes "wine" so as to distinguish authentic winemaking from the workings of these wine counterfeiters. The French government first legally defined wine as the product of fermented grape juice in 1889, followed by the German government in 1892 (later expanded in 1909) and the Italian government in 1904.〔 Fraud of a different nature occurred during prohibition in the United States, when wine production was illegal, as grape merchants would sell "bricks" of grape concentrate across the United States along with a packet of dried yeast.〔 The bricks would come with a "warning label" cautioning people not to mix the contents of the brick, yeast, water and sugar in a pot and then seal such pot for seven days, or else ''"an illegal alcoholic beverage will result"''.〔K. MacNeil ''The Wine Bible'' pg 630-631 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1-56305-434-5〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「wine fraud」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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